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A pH electrode is a part of the pH meter contacting with measured substance. It's used to measure the electrode potential. Generally, there are two methods to measure the pH value of the aqueous solutions, namely Colorimetry (pH test paper and cuvette) and potentiometric method. The latter is the only way to realize continuous on-line measurement and process monitoring. Moreover, it can obtain accurate and repeatable pH value. The electrode used in the potentiometric method is called as primary battery, which is a system used to converse the chemical reaction energy into electrical energy, voltage of the primary battery is called for electrodynamic force (EMF).

What is the principle of the chemical element analysis instrument?
Chemical analysis instrument is mainly used for in-site measurement of elements in metal materials in the military industry, aerospace, iron and steel, petrochemical, power, pharmaceutical and other fields, it's an indispensable tool for rapid identification of materials in the industrial and military manufacturing fields accompanying the rise of the world economy.
Principle of chemical element analysis instrument.

A pH meter is an digital instrument used to test and monitor the pH value of a solution. It works by the principle of primary battery, of which the electromotive force between two electrodes is based on the Nernst Law. Electromotive force of primary battery is affected by both property of electrodes and hydrogen ion concentration in the solution. There is a correspondence relationship between the electromotive force and hydrogen ion concentration of the primary battery, namely negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration is equal to the pH value.

As a common electrical actuator, stepper motor is widely applied in automatic control field. Stepper motor needs to be equipped with a special drive power the output of which is controlled by external pulse signal and direction signal. Each pulse signal can make stepper motor rotate a fixed angle, which is called step angle. Total angle and speed of rotation respectively depend on the number and frequency of pulse. The direction of rotation depends on direction signal. For a equipment with a known transmission ratio, the movement distance and speed of its parts can be controlled by controlling the number and frequency of pulse without the requirements for the feedback of distance and speed signals; and direction signal can control moving direction. Therefore, open loop control is a simple and economic electronic control technical scheme.

Power supply is an important part of the circuit design, and the stability of the power supply determines the stability of the circuit to a large extent. Linear power supply and switching power supply are two common power supplies, and they have a great difference in the principles which determine the difference between the two applications.

Self-healing type low voltage shunt capacitor is suitable for the AC power system with working frequency 50Hz or 60Hz, rated voltage 1000V and below and is connected in parallel with load, in order to improve the power factor of system and reduce line loss, improving the voltage quality. It is widely used to improve the efficiency of power supply equipment, local compensation of the inductive equipment such as motor and transformer and electric furnace, electric traction engine, UPS systems and power system harmonic filtration and other aspects.

The solenoid valve is industrial equipment controlled by electromagnetism. It is an automatic basic element to control the fluid. It belongs to the actuator, but not limits to the hydraulic pressure and pneumatic control. In the industrial control system, the solenoid valve is used to regulate the direction, flow rate, speed and other parameters of the medium. The solenoid valve can coordinate with different circuits to realize the anticipated control, with both control precision and flexibility being guaranteed.

Induction motor, also known as asynchronous motor, is a kind of AC electric motor. According to the different power phase, it can be divided into single-phase and three-phase. The main construction of induction motor is composed of two parts - stator and rotor. In addition, there are end bells, bearings, motor frame and other components. The following will give more details about the structure of three-phase induction motor or asynchronous motor.

The opening area needs to be set when constantly sending in and out parts on a dangerous high-speed operation machine. If a protective door is set here, it will seriously affect the production and certainly not be able to take both production and safety into account. Safety light curtain is a safety device set in these openings, and it realizes safety protection through the light beams. It is a type of sensor that install through beam photoelectric sensors in rows from top to bottom. It monitors a certain range of amplitude, when the machine is running, it intercepts the light when a human body intrudes, and stops the machine to achieve the purpose of protecting personal safety. However, when processed parts are fed in and out through the light curtain, they do not cause the machine to stop working. In this way, the operators are effectively protected from harm without affecting the production at the same time.

How does an electromagnetic relay work? Electromagnetic relay uses electromagnet to control “on” or “off” status of the operating circuit. Electromagnetic relay consists of electromagnet, armature, spring, movable contact and stationary contact. When placing voltage to both ends of a coil, the coil will be flowed with current and generate electromagnetic effect.

Contactor is an automatic electromagnetic switch for long-distance frequently connected or disconnected AC and DC main circuit and high-capacity control circuit. The main control object of a contactor is the motor, it can be used to control other loads as well.
According to the current types that through the main contacts, contactor is divided into AC contactor and DC contactor. The structure and working principle of both are basically the same, which mainly consists of three parts, electromagnetic mechanism, contact system and arc-extinguishing equipment. In the electrical control circuit of machine tool, AC contactor is mainly used. This article focuses on the basic structure of the AC contactor.

DC contactor is mainly used for remotely connecting and disconnecting the DC circuit, as well as frequently starting, stopping, reversing and plug braking the DC motors. It's also widely used for connecting and disconnecting the lifting electromagnet, solenoid valve, clutch's magnetic coils. DC contactor has two structure of stereoscopic arrangement and plane arrangement, some products are derived on the basis of AC contactor. Therefore, structure and working principle of the DC contactor are basically the same as that of AC contactor, which mainly consists of three parts, electromagnetic mechanism, contact system and arc-extinguishing equipment.

What is a power line filter? What does a power line filter do? A power line filter, also called EMI power line filter, is a passive bi-directional network, electrical equipment which effectively filters the particular frequency point in the power line or the frequency out of the particular frequency point. Power line filter is to get a certain frequency power supply signal or the power supply signal after eliminating a certain frequency through connecting power supply filter in power line...

What is a solid state relay(SSR)? A solid state relay is a non-contact switch fully composed of solid state electrical-element, which can drive high-current load with a small control signal. It can achieve switching on and off with no contact and no spark due to the switching characteristics of electrical element (i.e. semiconductor components like switch transistor, triac and so on). Solid state relay has such following advantages over electromagnetic relays: high reliability, no contact, no spark, long life, fast switching speed, strong anti-interference ability, and small size.

What is a servo motor? Servo motor is the motor which controls mechanical components operation in servo system. Servo motor can convert voltage signal to torque and speed, then to drive the control object. The control speed and position accuracy is very high. In auto control system, servo motor can response rapidly as executing component, convert the receiving electrical signal to angular displacement or angular velocity output of motor axis. The main feature is, when signal voltage is zero and no self-rotation, rotation speed will descend at even speed along with the torque increasing. Servo motor has 2 types, DC servo motor and AC servo motor.

Stepper motors is used in open-loop control, thus it is simple, low cost and can be widely used. However, the open-loop control of the stepper motor cannot avoid the inherent disadvantages of the stepper motor itself, that is, resonance, oscillation, step loss and difficult to achieve high speed. Correspondingly, the closed-loop control of stepper motor can make up these shortcomings, and have the advantages of open-loop drive and brushless DC servo motor.

The servo drive is a kind of controller to control the servo system. Its function is similar to the frequency effect on ordinary AC motor, which belongs to a part of the servo system and is mainly applied in high-accuracy positioning system. Generally, the servo motor is controlled by three ways, location, speed and torque, so as to realize high precision positioning of transmission system.

Stepper motor is an actuator transforming electric pulse into angular displacement. Popularly, when receiving a pulse signal, the stepper motor will rotate a fixed angle (namely"stepping angle") according to the direction set for the stepper motor. The angular displacement volume can be controlled by controlling the pulse number to achieve the purpose of positioning accurately. In the meantime, the rotational velocity and acceleration of motor can be controlled by controlling the pulse frequency to achieve the purpose of speed control.

Nowadays, with the continuous development of technology, AC servo motor technology gradually replaced the DC motor as the leading executive motor with its excellent cost performance. The mature technology of AC servo system also makes the market develop rapidly and become one of the supporting technologies of industrial automation. So what are the main functions of servo system and how is it classified? Continue and you will learn about that.