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When the same stepper motor works with different drive schemes, the torque-frequency characteristics are also very different.
When the stepper motor is working, the pulse signal will be added to each phase winding in turn in a certain order (the ring distributor in the stepper motor driver controls the way the winding is energized and de-energized).
Unlike other motors, the nominal rated voltage and rated current of a stepper motor are only reference values. Because the stepper motor is powered by pulse, the power supply voltage is its highest voltage, not the average voltage. Therefore, the stepper motor can work beyond its rated value range. However, when choosing, it should not deviate too far from the rated value.
The stepper motor does not accumulate errors: The accuracy of the general stepper motor is 3%-5% of the actual step angle, and it cannot be accumulated.

The brushless DC motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. By consuming electrical energy, mechanical energy can be obtained to achieve certain needs. What are the applications of BLDC motors? Brushless DC motors can be used in the small home appliance industry. The most common electric fan is to use brushless DC motors to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to turn the electric fan, bringing us coolness. In addition, lawn mowers in the garden industry and electric drills in the power tool industry all work with brushless motors.

Brushless dc motor
The brushless DC motor is composed of a motor body and a brushless motor driver. It is a typical mechatronics product. Because the brushless DC motor runs in a self-control mode, it will not add a start winding to the rotor like a synchronous motor started under heavy load under variable frequency speed regulation, nor will it cause oscillation and loss of step when the load changes suddenly. The permanent magnets of small and medium-capacity brushless DC motors now mostly use high magnetic energy level rare earth neodymium iron boron (Nd-Fe-B) materials.

Stepper motor
A stepper motor is a motor that converts electrical pulse signals into corresponding angular or linear displacements. Every time a pulse signal is input, the rotor rotates an angle or moves forward. The output angular displacement or linear displacement is proportional to the number of input pulses, and the speed is proportional to the pulse frequency. Therefore, the stepper motor can be called the pulse motor.

LCR meter is a special measuring instrument used to measure the characteristic parameters of electrical components. L is inductance, C is capacitance, and R is resistance. The LCR meter is a dedicated meter with high measurement accuracy. As a precision instrument, if the operation is not standardized, it is easy to damage the instrument and affect the accuracy of the measurement result. This article will summarize the common failures and precautions in the use of LCR meters to avoid failures, helping users to use the LCR meter correctly.

Working Principle of BLDC Motor
The BLDC motor is mainly composed of the motor body, position sensor, electronic commutation circuit and driver. The motor body is similar in structure to a permanent magnet synchronous motor, but it has neither cage windings nor other starting devices. The stator windings are generally made into multiple phases (three-phase, four-phase, five-phase and so on). The rotor is composed of permanent magnet steel according to a certain number of pole pairs (2p=2, 4...). In a brushless DC motor, the armature winding is arranged on the stator, and the permanent magnet poles are arranged on the rotor. The position of the armature winding of each phase of the stator relative to the magnetic field of the permanent magnet of the rotor is sensed by the rotor position sensor electronically or electromagnetically. Moreover, it uses its output signal to drive the corresponding power switch transistor connected with the armature winding through an electronic conversion circuit according to a certain logic program, and commutate the current switch to the corresponding armature winding. With the rotation of the rotor, the rotor position sensor continuously sends out signals, causing the armature winding to be continuously energized in sequence, and the energization state is constantly changed. As a result, the direction of the current flowing in the coil conductor under a certain magnetic pole is always the same, and the rotor keeps running.

Clamp meter is the abbreviation of clamp ammeter. It is a portable measuring instrument that can directly measure the AC current of the circuit without disconnecting the circuit. It is called a clamp ammeter because of its shape with a movable opening in the shape of a clamp. Common clamp meters do not have the ability to measure AC and DC voltages of 1kV or above. It is recommended not to measure parameters higher than this voltage to avoid personal electric shock.

In the machinery industry, almost every machine tool equipment needs to use a control transformer. It is often used as a local lighting power supply, signal lamp or indicator power supply, and as a control circuit power supply in electrical equipment. However, when in use, you may encounter the problem of the control transformer being burned out. What is the cause?

At present, with the acceleration of the process of industrial control automation, especially for industry, paperless recorder becomes a necessary tool. According to the change value recorded by the paperless recorder, it can reflect the temperature and humidity changes in the storage, production, transportation and other processes at any time, and through professional PC analysis software, it will help enterprises to conduct more scientific and effective management, analysis, and induction, which greatly improves the work process and efficiency.

Paperless recorder is a device that records the collected calculation data in the internal storage system of the instrument by time. It has the advantages of being paperless, real-time, high-precision, communicable, searchable and intelligent. Paperless recorder abandons the deficiency of using paper and pen in the traditional recording method, and at the same time improves the quality and stability of the recorder, and more importantly, reduces the running cost of the recorder, facilitates management, improves work efficiency, and avoids the possibility of error in manual recording.

Industrial fan heater refers to electric heating equipment used in industrial fields such as factories and workshops. It is mainly composed of air heaters and fans. It uses advanced and efficient non-red  electric heating tubes. The machine is equipped with imported high-efficiency light trigger switches,  which are easy and reliable to operate.

In recent years, a new type of vacuum pump that can be achieved from atmospheric pressure to high vacuum with only one pump has been developed, but generally speaking, for obtaining high vacuum, ultra-high vacuum and extremely high vacuum, multiple vacuum pumps are connected in series to complete the pumping task. Thus, knowing the type of pumps properly is important for user to choose affordable and suitable vacuum pump.

As the climate becomes colder, heating has become a problem for many companies, especially now that the winter haze is aggravated, the country is gradually screening coal heating, and industrial heaters have become a new choice for many companies. The following passages briefly describe how to choose industrial fan heaters and how to standardize the use of industrial fan heaters.

Nowadays, more and more places will need fan heater for complete temperature heating, since different types of fan heater have been coming out, knowing product classification is necessary for user to choose suitable fan heater. Basically fan heater is used at many situation, but it is mostly used in workshops or some large buildings. Thus, there are industrial fan heater, car heater and steam heater and so on. How should we choose the right fan heater for our needs? In this article, automation online store will introduce something about this topic.

With the construction and development of industry, many industries such as metallurgy, electronics, and coating have put forward higher requirements for the extraction of gas or particles from equipment. The large demand for industrial production and the rapid development of technology have made the production process of vacuum pumps continue to improve. Gradually occupy a larger market share in industrial production. With the continuous improvement of the level of vacuum pump manufacturing technology, the structural design of vacuum pumps is more refined, and different equipment structures also enable vacuum pumps to work in different industrial environments. Different types of vacuum pumps are driving the industry with a rapid growth momentum. Rapid development. The following form is a brief list of common problems and maintenance methods.

The quality of the vacuum pump is decided by its mechanical structure and the quality of the oil, it must be well protected when using the vacuum pump. When using distilling volatile organic solutions, it will be absorbed oil that will lead to the increase of vapor pressure and the decrease of vacuuming efficacy. If it is acid gas, it will corrode the oil pump, and if it is steam, it will destroy the vacuum pump from turning oil into emulsion.

Vacuum pump is a kind of equipment that evacuates the pumped container to obtain a vacuum by means of mechanical, physics, chemistry or physical Chemistry methods. The gas is absorbed in from the air inlet and enters the cavity of the frontline pump through the ventilation/isolation valve. In the pump, the gas is conveyed. When the inlet is closed by the blade, the gas is conveyed and compressed. During the transferring process, the oil is transferred from the oil injection port and inhaled into the cylinder.

The fourth step is to check the piston system. After disassembling the piston, it is required to check if the piston is polluted, clean the piston, smear lubrication oil, re-install the piston, and recheck if the pipetting volume is still low. If the problem can not be solved, please deliver to the supplier. If there are serious problems such as aging of the sealing ring or rust of the piston, please also send it to the supplier for handling. Generally, users are not recommended to replace the accessories after purchasing the accessories from the supplier.

Check whether the sealing device and piston are polluted. The piston should be glossy and free of corrosive rust. If it is contaminated, clean it with distilled water or isopropyl alcohol, and then wipe it with a non-woven cloth. At the same time, note that before re-installing, check whether the inner wall of the handle is clean and ensure that all parts are completely dry.

The pipette is a single-channel micropipette that is commonly used in biological and chemical laboratories to move liquids with a small volume, and it is a measuring tool for transferring liquid from the original container to another container within a certain range. The design of the pipette fully conforms to the ergonomic principle, and is characterized by easy disassemble and maintenance. The pipette has five modes: Pipetting mode, sample mixing mode, reverse aspiration mode, electrophoresis sampling mode, and graded pipetting mode. The pipette can be applied to liquids such as high viscosity liquids, high vapor pressure liquids, and foaming liquids. Pipettes are widely used in clinical diagnostic laboratories, biotechnology laboratories, pharmaceutical and chemical laboratories, environmental laboratories, and food laboratories.

Before pipetting, it is required to make sure that the pipette, pipette tip and liquid are at the same temperature. In sucking liquid, the pipette must be kept in an upright position and the pipette tip shall be inserted 2-3 mm below the liquid surface. Before sucking the liquid, it is recommended to suck and release the liquid for several times to wet the suction nozzle (especially when it is going to suck liquid with a viscosity or when the density is different from water). At this time, two pipetting methods can be used: 

The first is the forward pipetting method. Press the button to the first stop with the thumb and then slowly release the button to the original point(suck the liquid of the fixed volume), and then press the button to the first stop point to drain out the liquid, wait for a while, continue to press the button to the second stop point to blow out the residual liquid, and release the button in the end.

When using the fixed combustible gas detector, it is inevitable that there will be some failures. Then, why do these failures occur, and how can we troubleshoot them? The following are simple examples of several troubleshooting methods.
In the process of using the combustible gas detector, it should not be installed close to the air conditioner and heating equipment. If the cold or warm air directly flows to the gas detector, it may cause the change of electrical resistivity of the alarm platinum wire and then the error occurs. Therefore, the alarm should be located far away from air conditioners and heating equipment to avoid the gas detector failures caused by improper placement.